Caius [Keys, Kees], John

1. Dates

Born: Norwich, 6 Oct. 1510

Died: London, 29 July 1573.

Dateinfo: Dates Certain

Lifespan: 63

2. Father

Occupation: Unknown

We know only that his name was Robert Caius.

No information on financial status.

3. Nationality

Birth: English

Career: English

Death: English

4. Education

Schooling: Cambridge, M.A.; Padua, M.D.

Cambridge University, 1529-33; Gonville Hall; B.A., 1533; M.A., 1535.

Created M.D. in Cambridge in 1558 on the occasion of the refoundation, through his endowment, of his college as Gonville and Caius.

University of Padua, 1539-41; M. D., 1541.

At Padua he studied under Montanus and Vesalius, and lived in Vesalius' house for a number of months.

5. Religion

Affiliation: Catholic.

He remained a Catholic despite the increasing pressure during the Elizabethan reign.

6. Scientific Disciplines

Primary: Medicine

Subordinate: Zoology, Anatomy, Natural History

Caius was a firm Galenist who believed that Galen had settled medical knowledge once and for all. He collected and published Galenic texts and, in 1544, he published a Galenic treatise, Methodus medendi. He also restored a couple of Hippocratic treatises, and he collated a printed work of Celsus with manuscripts in Italy.

His Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, 1552, was a classic study of a single disease.

As an anatomical demonstrator, Caius made contributions to the development of anatomy in England.

De rariorum animalium atque stirpium historia, 1570, was a description of flora and fauna around London.

De canibus britannicis, 1570.

7. Means of Support

Primary: Medicine, Patronage

Secondary: Scientific Society, Academia

In 1533, Principal of Physwick's Hostel, an annex of Gonville Hall. Also in 1533, Fellow of Gonville Hall; he continued to hold the fellowship until his return from Italy.

1541-2, Professor of Logic and Philosophy (in Greek) at Padua. Caius remained on the continent, first in Italy and then in Basel, until at least 1544.

Appointed anatomical demonstrator to the Company of Barber Surgeons, 1546-63. (The beginning date is in question; possibly it was 48 or 49.)

Medical practice in London from c. 1548, gaining considerable wealth. In his practice he was frequently called out of London by the aristocracy and gentry.

Appointed physician succesively to Edward VI, Mary and Elizabath.

Caius was Master of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University, 1559-73. The college itself was Caius' benefaction; he accepted no salary.

8. Patronage

Types: Court Official, Aristrocrat, Gentry, Eccesiastic Official, Physician

Caius began to lecture on anatomy in London in 1546 on the express command of Henry VIII. He dedicated Galeni libri aliquot Graeci, 1544, to Henry.

He dedicated Galeni de tuenda valetudine libri sex, 1549, to Edward VI.

He was physician succesively to Edward VI, Queen Mary, and Elizabeth by royal commands. The appointment with Elizabeth was terminated in 1568 because of Caius' Catholicism. (Source on patronage: C.D. O'Malley, English Medical Humanists, pp. 26-46, R489 .C3O5)

Caius dedicated A Boke Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, 1552, to the Earl of Pembroke. He dedicated the Latin edition, 1556, to the Bishop of Arras.

He dedicated Galenus de propriis libris, 1556, to the Bishop of Chichester.

Caius was called to attend the aristocracy and gentry in the neighborhood of London--e.g., the Countess of Oxford and a son of Sir John Baker of Kent in 1557.

He dedicated his first book, Methodus medendi, 1544, when he was returning to England to set up practice, to Dr. Butts, physicians to Henry VIII.

9. Technological Involvement

Type: Medical Practice

10. Scientific Societies

Membership: Medical College

Informal Connections: friendship with Gesner, Framingham, Parkhust, Claymound, Bullock.

The College of Physicians of London, 1547-73; Elect, 1550; Consilarius, 1550-1; President, 1555-60, 1562-63, 1571. Caius made a major effort to extend the College's control over medical practice throughout England.

Sources

1. C. D. O'Malley, English Medical Humanists, (Lawrence, Kan., 1965), pp. 26-46. R489 .C3 O5. C. Raven, English Naturalists from Neckam to Ray, (Cambridge, 1947), pp. 138-40, 148. QH26 .R25. William Munk, The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 2nd ed., 3 vols. (London, 1878), 1, 37-49.
2. Dictionary of National Biography (repr., London: Oxford University Press, 1949-1950), 3, 673-7. John Venn, "John Caius," in E.S. Roberts, ed. The Works of John Caius, M.D., (Cambridge, 1912), pp. 1-78.
3. John Venn, Biographical History of Gonville and Caius College, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1897-1901), 1, 27; 3, 30-63.
4. John Aikin, Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great Britain from the Revival of Literature to the Time of Harvey, (London, 1780), pp. 103-36.

Not Available and Not Consulted

1. John L. Stender, "Master Doctor Caius," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 8 (1940), 133-8.
2. Paul Wohlfarth, "Dr. Caius, a French Physician," Sudhoff's Archiv, 40 (1956), 97-105.

Compiled by:

Richard S. Westfall

Department of History and Philosophy of Science

Indiana University

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