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Maria Celeste |
Maria Celeste (Virginia) Galilei (1600-1634)
Galileo's Daughter:
Letters and Essays by Dava Sobel
Virginia, Galileo's oldest child, was born in Padua
on 12 August 1600. Her mother, Marina Gamba,
was Galileo's housekeeper. When Galileo moved to Florence,
in 1610, he took Virginia and his other daughter, Livia (1601-1659), with
him, leaving his son Vincenzio (only four years old) with his mother for
a few years.
After he had settled in Florence, Galileo decided to put his two daughters
in a convent for life. It took several years to make the arrangements.
Not the least problem was that the girls were too young to make this important
decision for themselves. Through the offices of Cardinal
Maffeo Barberini, one of his admirers, Galileo obtained dispensation
on this score, and in 1613 both girls were placed in the convent of San
Matteo in nearby Arcetri, where the abbess was the sister of the secretary
of the grand duke of Tuscany. Virginia took the veil in 1616, choosing
the name of Sister Maria Celeste, and Livia followed the same course a
year later, becoming Sister Arcangela.
Little is known about the life of Sister Maria Celeste until 1623, but
about 120 letters to her father, written
from 1623 to 1634 have survived. From these the picture of a loving daughter,
always solicitous of her father's well being, emerges. Her letter to her
father of 21 November 1623 is typical:
Most Illustrious Lord Father,
I cannot rest any longer without news, both for the infinite love I bear
you, and also for fear lest the sudden cold, which in general disagrees
so much with you, should have caused a return of your usual pains and
other complaints. I therefore send the man who takes this letter purposely
to hear how you are, and also when you expect to set out on your journey[1]
I have been extremely busy at the dinner-napkins. They are nearly finished,
but now I come to putting on the fringe, I find that of the sort of which
I send you a sample, a piece is wanting for two dinner-napkins: that will
be four braccia.[2] I would be glad if you could
let me have it immediately, so that I may send you the napkins before
you go; as it was for this that I have been making such haste to get them
finished.
As I have no cell of my own to sleep in, Sister Diamanta kindly allows
me to share hers, depriving herself of the company of her own sister for
my sake. But the room is so bitterly cold that with my head so infected,
I do not know how I shall remain well, unless you can help me by lending
me a set of those white bed-hangings which you will not want now. I would
be glad to know if you can do me this service. Moreover, I beg you to
be so kind as to send me that book of yours which has just been published,
[3] so that I may read it, for I have a great desire
to see it.
These few cakes I send are some I made a few days ago, intending to give
them to you when you came to bid us adieu. As you departure is not so
near as we feared, I send them lest they should get dry. Sister Arcangela
is still under medical treatment, and is much tried by the remedies. I
am not well myself, but being so accustomed to ill health, I do not make
much of it, seeing, too, that it is the Lord's will to send me continually
some such little trial as this. I thank Him for everything, and pray that
He will give you the highest and best felicity. And finally, with all
my heart, I greet you in the name of me and Sister Arcangela.
From San Matteo, the 21st of November 1623
Your most affectionate daughter
Sister Maria Celeste Galilei
If you have collars to whiten, you can send them.
The convent of San Matteo was very poor. The nuns did
not have the wherewithal to feed themselves and keep the buildings in
repair. Maria
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Galileo's
horoscope for Maria Celeste |
Celeste wrote to her father that the bread was bad,
the wine sour and that they ate ox meat. Galileo helped repair windows
and personally took charge of keeping the convent clock in good repair.
Maria Celeste often had to appeal to her father for help, and she was
chronically ill. She bore her ill health with dignity and courage, and
managed to be a great comfort to her father. She worked constantly to
mitigate the difficulties between Galileo and her brother Vincenzio.
In 1631 Galileo bought the villa "Il Goiello" in Arcetri, near the convent.
From this house he could see San Matteo and hear its bells. It was here
that he spent his final years under house arrest. Part of the sentence
that Galileo received in 1633 read as follows: "As a salutary penance
we impose on you to recite the seven penitential Psalms once a week for
the next three years."[4] Sister Maria Celeste took
it upon herself to perform this penance for him. She died, however, on
2 April 1634, less than four months after Galileo's return to Arcetri.
Notes:
[1]Galileo was planning a journey to Rome. Because of
the severe winter he did not leave Florence until early April.
[2]The length of a Florentine braccio is 58.4 cm., or
about 23 inches.
[3]The Assayer.
[4]Maurice A. Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair: A
Documentary History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989),
p. 291.
Sources: The Private Life of Galileo. Compiled
Principally from his Correspondence and that of his Eldest Daughter, Sister
Maria Celeste, Nun in the Franciscan Convent of S. Matthew in Arcetri
(London: MacMilland, 1870), published anonymously, but written by Mary
Allan-Olney. This book is riddled with errors in names, dates, etc., but
contains many extracts of letters translated into English.
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